Unlike some cultures where a single religion is dominant, Korean culture includes a wide variety of religious elements that have shaped the people's way of thinking and behavior. In the early stages of history in Korea, religious and political functions were combined but they later became distinct.

Historically, Koreans lived under the influences of shamanism, Buddhism, Taoism or Confucianism, and in modern times, the Christian faith has made strong inroads into the country, bringing forth yet another important factor that may change the spiritual landscape of the people. The rapid pace of industrialization which occurred within a couple of decades compared to a couple of centuries in the West, has brought about considerable anxiety and alienation while disrupting the peace of mind of Koreans, encouraging their pursuit of solace in religious activities. As a result, the population of religious believers has expanded markedly with religious institutions emerging as influential social organizations.

Freedom of religion is guaranteed by the Constitution in Korea. According to a 2005 social statistics survey, 53.1 percent of Koreans follow a specific religious faith. Buddhists account for some 43 percent of these, followed by Protestants at 34.5 percent and Catholics at 20.6 percent of the religious population.

Buddhism

Buddhism is a highly disciplined philosophical religion which emphasizes personal salvation through rebirth in an endless cycle of reincarnation.

Buddhism was introduced to Korea in A.D. 372 during the Goguryeo Kingdom period by a monk named Sundo who came from the Qian Qin Dynasty in China. In 384, monk Malananda brought Buddhism to Baekje from the Eastern Jin State of China.

In Silla, Buddhism was disseminated by a monk Ado of Goguryeo by the mid-fifth century. Buddhism seems to have been well supported by the ruling people of the Three Kingdoms because it was suitable as a spiritual prop for the governing structure with Buddha, like the king, serving as a venerated symbol of authority.

Under royal patronage, many temples and monasteries were constructed and believers grew steadily. By the sixth century monks and artisans were migrating to Japan with scriptures and religious artifacts to form the basis of early Buddhist culture there.

By the time Silla unified the peninsula in 668, it had embraced Buddhism as the state religion, though the government systems were along Confucian lines. Royal preference for Buddhism in this period produced a magnificent flowering of Buddhist arts and temple architecture, including Bulguksa Temple and other relics in Gyeongju, the capital of Silla. The state cult of Buddhism began to deteriorate as the nobility indulged in a luxurious lifestyle. Buddhism then established the Seon (Zen) sect to concentrate on finding universal truth through a life of frugality.

The rulers of the succeeding Goryeo Dynasty were even more enthusiastic in their support of the religion. During Goryeo, Buddhist arts and architecture continued to flourish with unreserved support from the aristocracy. The Tripitaka Koreana was produced during this period. When Yi Seong-gye, founder of the Joseon Dynasty, staged a revolt and had himself proclaimed king in 1392, he tried to remove all influences of Buddhism from the government and adopted Confucianism as the guiding principles for state management and moral decorum. Throughout the five-century reign of Joseon, any effort to revive Buddhism was met with strong opposition from Confucian scholars and officials.

When Japan forcibly took over Joseon as a colonial ruler in 1910, it made attempts to assimilate Korean Buddhist sects with those of Japan. These attempts however failed and even resulted in a revival of interest in native Buddhism among Koreans.

The past few decades have seen Buddhism undergo a sort of renaissance involving efforts to adapt to the changes of modern society. While the majority of monks remain in mountainous areas, absorbed in self-discipline and meditation, some come down to the cities to spread their religion. There are a large number of monks conducting religions research at universities in and outside Korea. Seon (meditation-oriented Korean Buddhism) has been noticeably growing with many foreigners following in the footsteps of revered Korean monks through training at Songgwangsa Temple in Jeollanam-do Province and Seon centers in Seoul and provincial cities.

Confucianism

Founded by Confucius in the 6th century B.C., Confucianism is more a moral code of conduct than a religious belief. It is a system of ethical precepts -- benevolent love, righteousness, decorum and wise leadership -- designed to inspire and preserve the proper management of family and society. Still, Confucianism can be seen as a religion without a god because as the ages have passed, some followers have canonized the founding sage and religiously follow the principal disciplines of his system.

Confucianism was introduced along with the earliest specimens of Chinese written materials around the beginning of the Christian era. The Three Kingdoms of Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla all left records that indicate the early existence of Confucian influence. In Goguryeo, a state university called Daehak was established in 372 and private Confucian academies were founded in its provinces. Baekje set up such institutions even earlier.

Unified Silla sent delegations of scholars to Tang China to observe the workings of the Confucian institutions firsthand and to bring back voluminous writings on the subjects. For the Goryeo Dynasty in the 10th century, Buddhism was the state religion, and Confucianism formed the philosophical and structural backbone of the state. The civil service examination of Gwageo, adopted after the Chinese system in the late 10th century, greatly encouraged studies in the Confucian classics and deeply implanted Confucian values in Korean minds.

The Joseon Dynasty, which was established in 1392, accepted Confucianism as the official ideology and developed a Confucian system of education, ceremony and civil administration. When Western powers and Japan began using military incursions in the late 19th century to pressure Korea to open up, the Confucianists raised “righteous armies” to fight against the aggressors.

Efforts were also made to reform Confucianism and adapt it to the changing conditions of the times. These reformists accepted the new Western civilization and endeavored to establish a modern, independent government. Also, during Japan's colonial rule of Korea, Confucian reformists joined many independence movements to fight against imperial Japan. Today, Confucian ancestral worship is still prevalent and filial piety is highly revered as a virtue in Korean society.